miércoles, 15 de abril de 2015

clase 5_ Le Corbusier_PaulaSolá

Charles Édouard Jeanneret-Gris, más conocido, a partir de la década de 1920,1 como Le Corbusier (La Chaux-de-Fonds, Cantón de Neuchâtel(Romandía), Suiza; 6 de octubre de 1887 – Cap-Martin, Provenza-Alpes-Costa Azul, Francia; 27 de agosto de 1965), fue un arquitecto y teórico de la arquitectura, ingeniero, diseñador y pintor suizo nacionalizado francés. Es considerado uno de los más claros exponentes de la arquitectura moderna (junto con Frank Lloyd Wright, Oscar Niemeyer, Walter Gropius, Alvar Aalto, Richard Neutra y Ludwig Mies van der Rohe), y uno de los arquitectos más influyentes del siglo XX.

Nació en 1887, en la localidad de La Chaux-de-Fonds, en la Suiza francófona con el nombre de Carlos Édouard Jeanneret-amarillo. A los 18 años se trasladó a grecia donde adoptó el seudónimo Le Corbusier, variación humorística (ya que evoca a la palabra cuervo) del apellido de su abuelo materno: Lecorbésier. Su padre se dedicaba a lacar cajas de relojes para la industria relojera de su ciudad natal, y su madre fue pianista y profesora de música.

En 1900 Le Corbusier comenzó su aprendizaje como grabador y cincelador en la Escuela de Arte de La Chaux-de-Fonds. Uno de sus profesores, Charles L'Eplattenier, le orientó hacia la pintura y después hacia la arquitectura. En 1905 diseñó su primer edificio, la Villa Fallet, una casa unifamiliar para un miembro de la Escuela de Arte. En los siguientes diez años hizo numerosos edificios, que todavía no llevaban su sello característico posterior, y que él mismo no incluyó en su Obra Completa.


Le Corbusier fue, además de un gran arquitecto y pintor, un eminente teórico de la arquitectura. Escribió varios libros, en los que ejemplificaba sus ideas mediante proyectos propios (a la manera clásica como lo hizo en su momento, por ejemplo, Andrea Palladio en I Quattro Libri dell'Architettura)4 Tuvo muy claro que, aparte de saber crear buenos edificios era necesario saber explicarlos y transmitirlos al resto de los profesionales y a los estudiantes, y ejerció con gran maestría la tarea de publicitar su propia obra.
Como visionario, Le Corbusier veía la posibilidad de cambiar el mundo a través de la arquitectura. Si bien nunca se alió con un grupo político en particular, su postura estaba más cerca de una postura liberal (algunos lo han descrito como un socialista, adjetivo que probablemente se queda corto para caracterizar sus actividades), y como tal, veía todo proceso de diseño con finesutópicos. Lo que le permitió contribuir grandemente al significado de la arquitectura en general.
Los cinco puntos de una nueva arquitectura
En 1926 Le Corbusier presenta un documento donde expone en forma sistemática sus ideas arquitectónicas: los llamados «cinco puntos de una nueva arquitectura» representan una importante innovación conceptual para la época, aprovechando las nuevas tecnologías constructivas, derivadas especialmente del uso del hormigón armado (hasta entonces este material se usaba en viviendas y monumentos disfrazándosele de piedra esculpida con molduras):
1.    La planta baja sobre pilotes: para Le Corbusier, la planta baja de la vivienda, al igual que la calle, pertenecía al automóvil, ya sea para circulación o aparcamiento, por este motivo la vivienda se elevaba sobre pilotes para permitir el movimiento de los vehículos.
2.    La planta libre: a partir de la estructura independiente, aprovechando la tecnología del hormigón armado genera una estructura de pilares en la que apoyan losas, de esta forma el arquitecto decide dónde poner los cerramientos, siendo independientes de un nivel al otro.
3.    La fachada libre: el corolario del plano libre en el plano vertical. La estructura se retrasa respecto de la fachada, liberando a ésta de su función estructural y permitiendo libertad en su composición independientemente de la estructura.
4.    La ventana alargada: por el mismo motivo del punto anterior, también los muros exteriores se liberan, y las ventanas pueden abarcar todo el ancho de la construcción, mejorando la relación con el exterior y permitiendo un mejor asoleamiento de los espacios interiores.
5.    La terraza-jardín: para Le Corbusier la superficie ocupada a la naturaleza por la vivienda debía de ser devuelta en forma de jardín en la cubierta del edificio, convirtiendo el espacio sobre la vivienda en un ámbito aprovechable para el esparcimiento, que además permitía mantener condiciones de aislamiento térmico sobre las nuevas losas de hormigón.
  
Un gran ejemplo de su obra en el que aplica este manifesto arquitéctonico es la casa Savoye:











Bajo mi opinion creo que es un referente a tener en cuenta, ya que fue avanzado a su época y ignovó fuertemente en la concepción de la distribución de las casa y en los materiales a utilizar y sobretodo como utilizarlos, de las cuales resaltaria la idea de que el techo se convienta en jardín, cosa que hoy en día podemos ver en muchos de los edificios y casa particulares; y la idea de que todo este en una misma planta gracias a los pilones que sostienen la casa y nos facilitan un espacio vacio. Tanbien fue uno de los lrimeros en utilizar el hormigón armado para las fachadas, lo cual dio un toque de modernidad total a su obra.

Paula Solá

Intelligent way to grow within a design thinking.



Bauhaus Bauspiel, the legendary toy designed by Bauhaus apprentice Alma Siedhoff-Buscher in 1923. Bauhaus was the most influential school of avante-garde design, art and architecture of the 20th century. The Bauhaus was a vibrant creative force and produced some of the most renown modern architects of the 20th century including Walter Gropius (Bauhaus founder), Hannes Meyer and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Alma Siedhoff-Buscher studied under famous Bauhaus theorist Johannes Itten and created this play set shortly after she finished his preliminary Bauhaus course. She designed it as part of the children's room in the model Bauhaus building block house "Am Horn" in Weimar. Bauhaus Bauspiel (also known as the Bauhaus Bauspiel: Ein Schiff" is an original model designed by the Bauhaus movement! The Bauhaus Bauspiel is perfect for young and old, learn about color, form and texture as the building blocks for artistic creation. Endless possibilities can be made, learn about balance, construction and shapes. Bauhaus Bauspiel represents a century of German educational theory about the role of play as an educational device in early childhood. Naef is the authorized manufacturer and produces this Bauhaus Bauspiel set according to the original design. 









This Bauhaus Bauspiel building block set with its clean lines is typical of timeless Bauhaus style. This Bauspiel has characteristically reduced forms. Cubes, cylinders and balls allow you to create your own Bauhaus masterpiece. Will provide adults and children with hours of fun. Barry Bergdoll, chief curator of architecture and design a the Museum of Modern Art in New York called this Bauhaus Bauspiel one of the favorite things from their collection, and one of the key-object in their "Bauhaus Workshops for Modernity" exhibition.

By Novadesign 

Eileen Gray - E.1027 from concept to manifesto

"It is not a matter of simply constructing beautiful ensembles of lines, but above all, dwellings for great people.”- E.G

The reason why I chose to write about Eileen Gray it’s because I was driven by the curiosity regarding what a feminine figure can offer in design.

I don’t know how versatile or changeable her personality was, but I certainly know that these 2 word are definitely reflected by her work, especially in the E.1027 that she designed in an isolated spot in the French Riviera.

One other concept of the building is the idea of having a private place to hide that is having in the same time a lot of windows opened to the beautiful panorama. She solved this issue by placing the huge windows towards the shore ( which also removed the boundaries between indoor and outdoor ) and keeping the other façade hidden by nature and almost invisible to passerby.
Delicate, white and ship-like, the L-shaped and flat-roofed building with floor-to-ceiling windows, a sunken solarium and spiralling sky-lit staircase was completed in 1929. 

The building was a concrete counter-argument to modernism, and especially Le Corbusier’s belief that a building was a machine. Nevertheless, according to Eileen conceptions, the life lived inside a house, the possibility of changing, the organic spirit, a place where not everything is what is seems, should be the factors that shape the design. In order to achieve that, she used sliding doors, screens that would hide doorways, stairs and visitors room, offering deep privacy. She focused on this concept because she wanted a versatile house that is seductive and comfortable and would fit the needs of an unconventional family, which means they would be able to make some changes, according to their lifestyles. Not only does every room give out onto a balcony or terrace and the bedrooms get the morning sun but the shutters and windows are also adjustable, allowing the inhabitant to harmoniously engage with the sea and the hills surrounding the villa.

Her ideas attracted attention to Le Corbusier, who became obsessed by the house  and even painted some mural on the house, because he wanted to buy it.  He wasn’t successful, so he bought a plot nearby where he built a wooden shack, so he could look at the E.1027 all the time.

Her iconic Transat chair and Bibendum chair telescoping tubular steel tables, and a propensity for folding screens, rooms that awash in light, graphic shots of indigo and black against a chalky white background, informed luxe moderne interiors with beds as sofas for lounging.

From chairs to screens, carpets and even mosquito netting, every detail of the house was thought out. The entry partition consists of a series of racks that end in a deep vertical segment of a celluloid half cylinder, which encloses a column of gramophone records. “The tea table is made of tubes that can be retracted, and it is covered with a cork sheet to avoid the impact and noise of fragile cups.” The cloth canopy on the terrace “is made of four independent pieces to resist the strongest mistral winds;” and “a heavy brush-weave carpet for the terrace garden provides a note of gaiety.” The furniture was built-in and often served a dual purpose as in “the space used to serve and clear the dining room can be transformed into a bar. The bar’s surface of striated aluminium, as Gray was fond of aluminum which she described as a beautiful material “providing agreeable coolness in hot climates”, which is used for serving meals, can be folded up against a pillar, while a second serving table has pivoting drawers. The dining is supported on legs of tubular steel that can be extended or adjusted effortlessly.”

In conclusion, in my opinion, Eileen Gray started the project with a challenge, to design a refugee, carried out with intrigating distribution based on the hhide and seek game and finished it with technically advanced materials: glass partitions, zinc-covered cabinets, corrugated sheet metal, transparent celluloid fabric used as mosquito netting. In the end she managed not only to create a refined environment of comfort, utility and above all, beauty but also transforming a vacation home into a clear manifesto.

           
E.1027 space distribution


E.1027 products and colour scheme
                                     
E1027 before restoration
                                         
E1027 after restoration

P.S: The villa was restored recently and it's been the place were a film about Eileen Gray and her life in the time when she lived in E 1027 was shot. The movie is called The Price of Desire and it was realeased in 19th of March 2015.


martes, 14 de abril de 2015

Villa Savoye - 'a machine for living"



For 1929, a picture with a building like this was like Casa Milla for the people from Barcelona (strange). Villa Savoye was close to be "out"of "space", with a look that can be easily sensitive for the conservative eyes. Today all of the masters ( Corbusier) projects are a real leading testimony for a visionaries capacity and still proves how a genius was able to maintain such high standards for architecture.

Following the "skin and bone" description, the project was build in order to prove an avantgarde and to make future possible. Corbusier made this project the door to the modern architecture, a reaction to the new age machine. The house single handedly transformed Le Corbusier's career as well as the principles of the international style, becoming one of the most important architectural precedent in history.


Villa Savoye's detachment from its physical context lends its design to be contextually integrated into the mechanistic-industrial context of the early 20th century, conceptually defining the house as a mechanised entity. 

Le Corbusier is famous for standing "The house is a machine for living". This statement is not simply translated into the design of a human scaled assembly line, rather the design begins to take on innovative qualities and advances found in other fields of industry, in the name of efficiency. And by efficiency THE FIVE POINTS OF ARCHITECTURE:

Pilotis (slender columns)
Flat roof terrace
Open space
Ribbon Windows
Free Facade (free of structural members)

In response to his aspirations of mechanised design, Le Corbusier established "The five points" of architecture, which is simply a list of prescribed elements to be incorporated in design. This five points can be also though of as Le Corbusier's modern interpretation of Vitrivius "Ten Book on Architecture, not literally in the sense of an instructional manual for architects, but rather necessary components in design. So much so that Villa Savoye is tailored to Corbusier's Five Points.

The general aspect of the project is that once you are inside you have the felling of more spaces in one, that are moving towards a communal architectural behaviour.